The Role of PHEV/BEV in Outage/Asset and Demand Side Management

Notice Concerning Copyright Material EV-TEC members are given permission to copy without fee all or part of this publication for internal use if appropriate attribution is given to this document as the source material. Acknowledgements This is the final report for the Electric Vehicle Transportation and Electricity Convergence (EV-TEC) research project T-40 titled " The Impact of PHEV/BEV Charging on Utility Distribution System. " We express our appreciation for the support provided by the Electric Vehicle Transportation and Electricity Convergence (EV-TEC) members and by the National Science Foundation under grant received under the Industry / With the ever-increasing number of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles/ Battery Electric Vehicles (PHEVs/BEVs) on the road today, there is also an increased demand for electricity used to charge these vehicles. As the penetration of PHEVs/BEVs increases in the near future, the charging behavior associated with these vehicles may have the potential to affect the existing distribution systems. PHEVs/BEVs provide two options when connected to the grid using a plug, EVs can charge the battery using electricity from an electric power grid, also referred to as " Grid-to-Vehicle " (G2V) mode, or discharge the power to the electric power grid or a building during the peak load hours or outage time intervals, also referred to as " Vehicle-to-Grid " (V2G) mode or " Vehicle-to-Building " (V2B) mode. EVs are regarded as a " load " when operate in G2V charging mode; while EVs are regarded as a supply source " generator " when operate in V2B discharging mode. This project investigates the potential impacts of PHEVs/BEVs on utility distribution systems in different areas: asset management, demand side management, outage management, etc. For each research area, this report investigates the impact of PHEVs/BEVs considering both G2V mode and V2B mode. In the first part of the report, the development and the roles of PHEVs/ BEVs in both transportation and power systems are presented. The battery performance of vehicles and requirements for a multi-level vehicle charging infrastructure, especially the smart charging methods, are investigated. The report also discusses the impact of charging vehicles from renewable energy source, such as photovoltaics and wind. In the second part of the report, the adoption models of PHEVs/BEVs are discussed. Various implementation options and feasibility scenarios that impact the power grid depending on the various adoption rates of electric vehicles, different charging methods, time-of-charge (TOC), and driver's charging inclination are considered. Very …